CONTENTS Preface to the First edition of The IIford Manual of Photography（1890） = ⅸ Preface to the ninth edition = xi 1 Imaging systems / Ralph E. Jacobson = 1 The production of images = 1 Photographic and digital imaging = 2 General characteristics of reproduction systems = 5 Imaging chains = 6 The reproduction of tone and colour = 6 Image quality expectations = 7 2 Fundamentals of light and vision / Ralph E. Jacobson = 9 Light waves and particles = 9 Optics = 10 The electromagnetic spectrum = 10 The eye and vision = 11 3 Photographic light sources / Sidney F. Ray = 16 Characteristics of light sources = 16 Light output = 21 Daylight = 25 TungstenFilament lamps = 25 Tungstenhalogen lamps = 26 Fluorescent lamps = 27 Metalhalide lamps = 27 Pulsed xenon lamps = 27 Expendable flashbulbs = 28 Electronic flash = 29 Other sources = 38 4 The geometry of image formation / Sidney F. Ray = 39 Interaction of light with matter = 39 Image formation = 41 The simple lens = 42 Image formation by a compound lens = 43 Graphical construction of images = 45 The lens conjugate equation = 45 Field angle of view = 48 Covering power of a lens = 49 Geometric distortion = 49 Depth of field = 50 Depth of field equations = 53 Depth of focus = 56 Perspective = 57 6 The photometry of image formation / Sidney F. Ray = 61 Stops and pupils = 61 Aperture = 62 Mechanical vignetting = 62 Image illumination = 63 Image illuminance with wideangel lenses = 66 Exposure compensation for closeup photography = 67 Light losses and lens transmission = 68 Flare and its effects = 68 Tnumbers = 69 Antireflection coatings = 69 6 Optical aberrations and lens performance / Sidney F. Ray = 72 Introduction = 72 Axial chromatic aberration = 72 Lateral chromatic aberration = 74 Spherical aberration = 75 Coma = 76 Curvature of field = 77 Astigmatism = 77 Curvilinear distortion = 78 Diffraction = 79 Resolution and resolving power = 80 Modulation transfer function = 81 7 Camera lenses / Sidney F. Ray = 83 Simple lenses = 83 Compound lenses = 83 Development of the photographic lens = 85 Modern camera lenses = 88 Wideangle lenses = 91 Longfocus lenses = 93 Zoom and varifocal lenses = 95 Macro lenses = 98 Teleconverters = 99 Optical attachments = 100 Special effects = 102 8 Types of camera / Sidney F. Ray = 104 Survey of development = 104 Camera types = 107 Special purpose cameras = 113 Automatic cameras = 115 Digital cameras = 120 Architecture of the digital camera = 125 9 Camera features / Sidney F. Ray = 131 Shutter systems = 131 The iris diaphragm = 136 Viewfinder systems = 138 Flash synchronization = 143 Focusing systems = 144 Autofocus systems = 151 Exposure metering systems = 154 Battery power = 160 Data imprinting = 161 10 Camera movements / Sidney F. Ray = 163 Introduction = 163 Translational movements = 165 Rotational movements = 165 Lens covering power = 166 Control of image sharpness = 168 Limits to lens tilt = 170 Control of image shape = 171 Perspective control lenses = 173 Shift cameras = 174 11 Optical flters / Sidney F. Ray = 176 Optical filters = 176 Filter sizes = 178 Filters and focusing = 178 Colour filters for blackandwhite photography = 179 Colour filters for colour photography = 182 Special filters = 183 Polarizing filters = 186 Filters for darkroom use = 189 12 Sensitive materials and image sensors / Ralph E. Jacobson = 191 Latent image formation in silver halides = 191 Image formation by chargecoupled devices = 193 Production of lightsensitive materials and sensors = 195 Sizes and formats of photographic and electronic sensors and media = 200 13 Spectral sensitivity of photographic materials / Geoffrey G. Attridge = 205 Response of photographic materials to shortwave radiation = 205 Response of photographic materials to visible radiation = 206 Spectral sensitization = 207 Orthochromatic materials = 208 Panchromatic materials = 208 Extended sensitivity materials = 208 Infrared materials = 209 Other uses of dye sensitization = 209 Determination of the colour sensitivity of an unknown material = 210 Wedge spectrograms = 210 Spectral sensitivity of digital cameras = 211 14 Principles of colour photography / Geoffrey G. Attridge = 213 Colour matching = 213 The first colour photograph = 214 Additive colour photography = 214 Subtractive colour photography = 214 Additive processes = 215 Subtractive processes = 217 Integral tripacks = 217 15 Sensitometry / Geoffrey G. Attridge = 218 The subject = 218 Exposure = 218 Density = 219 Effect of light scatter in a negative = 220 Callier coefficient = 220 Density in practice = 221 The characteristic （H and D） curve = 222 Main regions of the negative characteristic curve = 223 Variation of the characteristic curve with the material = 225 Variation of the characteristic curve with development = 225 Gammatime curve = 226 Variation of gamma with wavelength = 227 Placing of the subject on the characteristic curve = 227 Average gradient and $$\bar G$$ = 228 Contrast index = 228 Effect of variation in development on the negative = 228 Effect of variation in exposure on the negative = 229 Exposure latitude = 230 The response curve of a photographic paper = 231 Maximum black = 231 Exposure range of a paper = 232 Variation of the print curve with the type of emulsion = 232 Variation of the print curve with development = 233 Requirements in a print = 234 Paper contrast = 234 The problem of the subject of high contrast = 235 Tone reproduction = 236 Reciprocity law failure = 238 Sensitometric practice = 239 Sensitometers = 240 Densitometers = 241 Elementary sensitometry = 244 Sensitometry of a digital camera = 245 16 The reproduction of colour / Geoffrey G. Attridge = 247 Colours of the rainbow = 247 Colours of natural objects = 247 Effect of the light source on the appearance of colours = 248 Response of the eye to colours = 248 Primary and complementary colours = 249 Complementary pairs of colours = 250 Low light levels = 250 Blackandwhite processes = 250 Colour processes = 251 Formation of subtractive image dyes = 254 Colour sensitometry = 254 Imperfections of colour processes = 258 Correction of deficiencies of the subtractive system = 259 Masking of colour materials = 260 Problems of duplication = 261 The chemistry of colour image formation = 263 Chromogenic processes = 263 Silverdyebleach process = 268 Instant colour processes = 269 Alternative method for instant photography = 271 17 Photographic processing / Ralph E. Jacobson = 273 Developers and development = 273 Developing agents = 273 Preservatives = 276 Alkalis = 276 Restrainers （antifoggants） = 277 Miscellaneous additions to developers = 277 Superadditivity （synergesis） = 278 Monochrome developer formulae in general use = 279 Changes in a developer with use = 282 Replenishment = 283 Preparing developers = 284 Techniques of development = 285 Obtaining the required degree of development = 289 Quality control = 292 Processing following development = 293 Rinse and stop baths = 293 Fixers = 294 Silver recovery = 296 Bleaching of silver images = 298 Washing = 299 Tests for permanence = 300 Drying = 301 18 Speed of materials, sensors and systems / Ralph E. Jacobson = 302 Speed of photographic media = 302 Methods of expressing speed = 302 Speed systems and standards = 305 ISO speed ratings for colour materials = 306 Speed of digital systems = 307 Speed ratings in practice = 308 19 Camera exposure determination / Sidney F. Ray = 310 Camera exposure = 310 Optimum exposure criteria = 311 Exposure latitude = 311 Subject luminance ratio = 312 Development variations = 313 Exposure determination = 313 Practical exposure tests = 315 Light measurement = 315 Exposure meter calibration = 316 Exposure values = 318 Incident light measurements = 318 Exposure meters in practice = 320 Photometry units = 323 Spot meters = 324 Incamera metering systems = 324 Electronic flash exposure metering = 329 Automatic electronic flash = 333 20 Hard copy output media / Ralph E. Jacobson = 336 Hard copy output = 336 Photographic papers = 336 Type of silver halide emulsion = 336 Paper contrast = 337 Paper surface = 338 Paper base = 339 Colour photographic papers = 339 Processing photographic paper = 340 Pictrography and Pictrostat = 344 Dry Silver materials = 345 Cylithographic materials / Cycolor = 346 Thermal imaging materials = 346 Materials for inkjet printing = 347 21 Production of hard copy / Ralph E. Jacobson = 348 Photographic printing and enlarging = 349 types of enlargers = 349 Light sources for enlarging and printing = 353 Lenses for enlargers = 354 Ancillary equipment = 355 Exposure determination = 355 Conventional image manipulation = 358 Colour printing = 359 Colour enlarger design = 362 Types of colour enlarger = 363 Methods of evaluating colour negatives for printing = 365 Digital output = 367 Evaluating the results = 370 22 Life expectancy of imaging media / Ralph E. Jacobson = 372 Life expectancy of photographic media = 372 Processing conditions = 373 Storage conditions = 375 Atmospheric gases = 376 Toning = 377 Light fading = 378 Life expectancy of digital media = 379 23 Colour matters / Geoffrey G. Attridge = 383 Specification by sample = 383 The physical specification of colour = 384 Specification of colour by synthesis = 384 Colour gamuts = 389 Summing up = 392 24 Theory of image formation / Norman R. Axford = 393 Sinusoidal waves = 394 Images and sine waves = 395 Imaging sinusoidal patterns = 397 Fourier theory of image formation = 398 Measuring modulation transfer functions （MTF） = 406 Discrete transforms and sampling = 408 The MTF for a CCD imaging array = 411 Image quality and MTF = 411 25 Images and information / Norman R. Axford = 413 Image noise = 413 Photographic noise = 413 Quantifying image noise = 417 Practical considerations for the autocorrelation function and the noise power spectrum = 419 Signaltonoise ratio = 420 Detective quantum efficiency （DQE） = 422 Information theory = 426 26 Digital image processing and manipulation / Norman R. Axford = 428 Linear spatial filtering （convolution） = 428 Frequency domain filtering = 429 Nonlinear filtering = 433 Statistical operations （point, greylevel operations） = 434 Image restoration = 438 Edge detection and segmentation = 442 Image data compression = 443 Index = 447
CONTENTS Preface to the First edition of The IIford Manual of Photography（1890） = ⅸ Preface to the ninth edition = xi 1 Imaging systems / Ralph E. Jacobson = 1 The production of images = 1 Photographic and digital imaging = 2 General characteristics of reproduction systems = 5 Imaging chains = 6 The reproduction of tone and colour = 6 Image quality expectations = 7 2 Fundamentals of light and vision / Ralph E. Jacobson = 9 Light waves and particles = 9 Optics = 10 The electromagnetic spectrum = 10 The eye and vision = 11 3 Photographic light sources / Sidney F. Ray = 16 Characteristics of light sources = 16 Light output = 21 Daylight = 25 TungstenFilament lamps = 25 Tungstenhalogen lamps = 26 Fluorescent lamps = 27 Metalhalide lamps = 27 Pulsed xenon lamps = 27 Expendable flashbulbs = 28 Electronic flash = 29 Other sources = 38 4 The geometry of image formation / Sidney F. Ray = 39 Interaction of light with matter = 39 Image formation = 41 The simple lens = 42 Image formation by a compound lens = 43 Graphical construction of images = 45 The lens conjugate equation = 45 Field angle of view = 48 Covering power of a lens = 49 Geometric distortion = 49 Depth of field = 50 Depth of field equations = 53 Depth of focus = 56 Perspective = 57 6 The photometry of image formation / Sidney F. Ray = 61 Stops and pupils = 61 Aperture = 62 Mechanical vignetting = 62 Image illumination = 63 Image illuminance with wideangel lenses = 66 Exposure compensation for closeup photography = 67 Light losses and lens transmission = 68 Flare and its effects = 68 Tnumbers = 69 Antireflection coatings = 69 6 Optical aberrations and lens performance / Sidney F. Ray = 72 Introduction = 72 Axial chromatic aberration = 72 Lateral chromatic aberration = 74 Spherical aberration = 75 Coma = 76 Curvature of field = 77 Astigmatism = 77 Curvilinear distortion = 78 Diffraction = 79 Resolution and resolving power = 80 Modulation transfer function = 81 7 Camera lenses / Sidney F. Ray = 83 Simple lenses = 83 Compound lenses = 83 Development of the photographic lens = 85 Modern camera lenses = 88 Wideangle lenses = 91 Longfocus lenses = 93 Zoom and varifocal lenses = 95 Macro lenses = 98 Teleconverters = 99 Optical attachments = 100 Special effects = 102 8 Types of camera / Sidney F. Ray = 104 Survey of development = 104 Camera types = 107 Special purpose cameras = 113 Automatic cameras = 115 Digital cameras = 120 Architecture of the digital camera = 125 9 Camera features / Sidney F. Ray = 131 Shutter systems = 131 The iris diaphragm = 136 Viewfinder systems = 138 Flash synchronization = 143 Focusing systems = 144 Autofocus systems = 151 Exposure metering systems = 154 Battery power = 160 Data imprinting = 161 10 Camera movements / Sidney F. Ray = 163 Introduction = 163 Translational movements = 165 Rotational movements = 165 Lens covering power = 166 Control of image sharpness = 168 Limits to lens tilt = 170 Control of image shape = 171 Perspective control lenses = 173 Shift cameras = 174 11 Optical flters / Sidney F. Ray = 176 Optical filters = 176 Filter sizes = 178 Filters and focusing = 178 Colour filters for blackandwhite photography = 179 Colour filters for colour photography = 182 Special filters = 183 Polarizing filters = 186 Filters for darkroom use = 189 12 Sensitive materials and image sensors / Ralph E. Jacobson = 191 Latent image formation in silver halides = 191 Image formation by chargecoupled devices = 193 Production of lightsensitive materials and sensors = 195 Sizes and formats of photographic and electronic sensors and media = 200 13 Spectral sensitivity of photographic materials / Geoffrey G. Attridge = 205 Response of photographic materials to shortwave radiation = 205 Response of photographic materials to visible radiation = 206 Spectral sensitization = 207 Orthochromatic materials = 208 Panchromatic materials = 208 Extended sensitivity materials = 208 Infrared materials = 209 Other uses of dye sensitization = 209 Determination of the colour sensitivity of an unknown material = 210 Wedge spectrograms = 210 Spectral sensitivity of digital cameras = 211 14 Principles of colour photography / Geoffrey G. Attridge = 213 Colour matching = 213 The first colour photograph = 214 Additive colour photography = 214 Subtractive colour photography = 214 Additive processes = 215 Subtractive processes = 217 Integral tripacks = 217 15 Sensitometry / Geoffrey G. Attridge = 218 The subject = 218 Exposure = 218 Density = 219 Effect of light scatter in a negative = 220 Callier coefficient = 220 Density in practice = 221 The characteristic （H and D） curve = 222 Main regions of the negative characteristic curve = 223 Variation of the characteristic curve with the material = 225 Variation of the characteristic curve with development = 225 Gammatime curve = 226 Variation of gamma with wavelength = 227 Placing of the subject on the characteristic curve = 227 Average gradient and $$\bar G$$ = 228 Contrast index = 228 Effect of variation in development on the negative = 228 Effect of variation in exposure on the negative = 229 Exposure latitude = 230 The response curve of a photographic paper = 231 Maximum black = 231 Exposure range of a paper = 232 Variation of the print curve with the type of emulsion = 232 Variation of the print curve with development = 233 Requirements in a print = 234 Paper contrast = 234 The problem of the subject of high contrast = 235 Tone reproduction = 236 Reciprocity law failure = 238 Sensitometric practice = 239 Sensitometers = 240 Densitometers = 241 Elementary sensitometry = 244 Sensitometry of a digital camera = 245 16 The reproduction of colour / Geoffrey G. Attridge = 247 Colours of the rainbow = 247 Colours of natural objects = 247 Effect of the light source on the appearance of colours = 248 Response of the eye to colours = 248 Primary and complementary colours = 249 Complementary pairs of colours = 250 Low light levels = 250 Blackandwhite processes = 250 Colour processes = 251 Formation of subtractive image dyes = 254 Colour sensitometry = 254 Imperfections of colour processes = 258 Correction of deficiencies of the subtractive system = 259 Masking of colour materials = 260 Problems of duplication = 261 The chemistry of colour image formation = 263 Chromogenic processes = 263 Silverdyebleach process = 268 Instant colour processes = 269 Alternative method for instant photography = 271 17 Photographic processing / Ralph E. Jacobson = 273 Developers and development = 273 Developing agents = 273 Preservatives = 276 Alkalis = 276 Restrainers （antifoggants） = 277 Miscellaneous additions to developers = 277 Superadditivity （synergesis） = 278 Monochrome developer formulae in general use = 279 Changes in a developer with use = 282 Replenishment = 283 Preparing developers = 284 Techniques of development = 285 Obtaining the required degree of development = 289 Quality control = 292 Processing following development = 293 Rinse and stop baths = 293 Fixers = 294 Silver recovery = 296 Bleaching of silver images = 298 Washing = 299 Tests for permanence = 300 Drying = 301 18 Speed of materials, sensors and systems / Ralph E. Jacobson = 302 Speed of photographic media = 302 Methods of expressing speed = 302 Speed systems and standards = 305 ISO speed ratings for colour materials = 306 Speed of digital systems = 307 Speed ratings in practice = 308 19 Camera exposure determination / Sidney F. Ray = 310 Camera exposure = 310 Optimum exposure criteria = 311 Exposure latitude = 311 Subject luminance ratio = 312 Development variations = 313 Exposure determination = 313 Practical exposure tests = 315 Light measurement = 315 Exposure meter calibration = 316 Exposure values = 318 Incident light measurements = 318 Exposure meters in practice = 320 Photometry units = 323 Spot meters = 324 Incamera metering systems = 324 Electronic flash exposure metering = 329 Automatic electronic flash = 333 20 Hard copy output media / Ralph E. Jacobson = 336 Hard copy output = 336 Photographic papers = 336 Type of silver halide emulsion = 336 Paper contrast = 337 Paper surface = 338 Paper base = 339 Colour photographic papers = 339 Processing photographic paper = 340 Pictrography and Pictrostat = 344 Dry Silver materials = 345 Cylithographic materials / Cycolor = 346 Thermal imaging materials = 346 Materials for inkjet printing = 347 21 Production of hard copy / Ralph E. Jacobson = 348 Photographic printing and enlarging = 349 types of enlargers = 349 Light sources for enlarging and printing = 353 Lenses for enlargers = 354 Ancillary equipment = 355 Exposure determination = 355 Conventional image manipulation = 358 Colour printing = 359 Colour enlarger design = 362 Types of colour enlarger = 363 Methods of evaluating colour negatives for printing = 365 Digital output = 367 Evaluating the results = 370 22 Life expectancy of imaging media / Ralph E. Jacobson = 372 Life expectancy of photographic media = 372 Processing conditions = 373 Storage conditions = 375 Atmospheric gases = 376 Toning = 377 Light fading = 378 Life expectancy of digital media = 379 23 Colour matters / Geoffrey G. Attridge = 383 Specification by sample = 383 The physical specification of colour = 384 Specification of colour by synthesis = 384 Colour gamuts = 389 Summing up = 392 24 Theory of image formation / Norman R. Axford = 393 Sinusoidal waves = 394 Images and sine waves = 395 Imaging sinusoidal patterns = 397 Fourier theory of image formation = 398 Measuring modulation transfer functions （MTF） = 406 Discrete transforms and sampling = 408 The MTF for a CCD imaging array = 411 Image quality and MTF = 411 25 Images and information / Norman R. Axford = 413 Image noise = 413 Photographic noise = 413 Quantifying image noise = 417 Practical considerations for the autocorrelation function and the noise power spectrum = 419 Signaltonoise ratio = 420 Detective quantum efficiency （DQE） = 422 Information theory = 426 26 Digital image processing and manipulation / Norman R. Axford = 428 Linear spatial filtering （convolution） = 428 Frequency domain filtering = 429 Nonlinear filtering = 433 Statistical operations （point, greylevel operations） = 434 Image restoration = 438 Edge detection and segmentation = 442 Image data compression = 443 Index = 447
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